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\centerline{\seventeenpointroman CONSTITUTION OF THE}
\centerline{\seventeenpointroman UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}
\centerline{adopted by Congress: 17 September 1787}
\centerline{put into effect: 4 March 1789}

{\bf PREAMBLE} We the People of the United States, in Order to form a
more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility,
provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and
secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do
ordain and establish the Constitution for the United States of
America. 

{\bf Article I}

{\bf Section 1}\quad All legislative Powers herein granted shall be
vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a
Senate and a House of Representatives.

{\bf Section 2}\quad The House of Representatives shall be composed of
Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States,
and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite
for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. No
Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the
Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that
State in which he shall be chosen. \it [Representative and direct
Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be
included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers,
which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free
Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and
excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other
Persons.]\rm\footnote*{Changed by Section 2 of Amendment XIV (1868).}
The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the
first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every
subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law
direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every
thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one
Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of
New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight,
Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland
six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and
Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any
State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election
to fill such Vacancies. The House of Representatives shall chuse their
Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of
Impeachment.

{\bf Section 3.} The Senate of the United States shall be composed of
two Senators from each State, {\it [chosen by the legislature
thereof,]}\footnote*{Changed by Section 1 of Amendment XVII (1913).}
for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. Immediately after
they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they
shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of
the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of
the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth
Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so
that one-third may be chosen every second Year \it [; and if Vacancies
happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the
Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary
Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall
then fill such Vacancies]\rm\footnote\dag{Changed by Clause 2 of
Amendment XVII (1913). } No Person shall be a Senator who shall not
have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a
Citizen of the United States, who shall not, when elected, be an
Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice
President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but
shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall
chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the
absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of
President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole Power
to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be
on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is
tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be
convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members
present. Judgement in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further
than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy
any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the
Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to
Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

{\bf Section 4.} The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for
Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the
Legislature thereof: but the Congress may at any time by Law make or
alter such Regulations, except as to the Place of Chusing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such
Meeting shall {\it [be on the first Monday in
December,]}\footnote*{Changed by Section 2 of Amendment XX (1933). }
unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.

{\bf Section 5.} Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections,
Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each
shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller number may
adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the
Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties
as each House may provide. Each House may determine the Rules of its
Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with
the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. Each House shall keep a
Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same,
excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the
Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at
the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.
Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the
Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any
other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

{\bf Section 6.} The Senators and Representatives shall receive a
Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid
out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases,
except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from
Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective
Houses, and in going to and returning from same; and for any Speech or
Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other
Place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which
he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority
of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments
whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person
holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of
either House during his Continuance in Office.

{\bf Section 7. } All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the
House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with
Amendments as on other Bills. Every Bill which shall have passed the
House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a
Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve
he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections
to that House in which it shall have Originated, who shall enter the
Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If
after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to
pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the
other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if
approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in
all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas
and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill
shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any
Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays
excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be
a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by
their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a
Law.\footnote*{A presidential 'pocket veto' occurs when a bill is not
returned before Congress adjourns.} Every Order, Resolution, or Vote
to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representative may
be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented
to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take
Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall
be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives,
according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a
Bill. 

{\bf Section 8. } The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect
Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and
provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United
States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform
throughout the United States; To borrow money on the credit of the
United States; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among
the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; To establish an
uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of
Bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin Money, regulate the
Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights
and Measures; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the
Securities and current Coin of the United States; To establish Post
Offices and post Roads; To promote the Progress of Science and useful
Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the
exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries; To
constitute Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; To define and
punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences
against the Law of Nations; To declare War, grant Letters of Marque
and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; To
raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use
shall be for a longer Term than two Years; To provide and maintain a
Navy; To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and
naval Forces; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the
Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions.; To
provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia, and for
governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the
United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment
of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according
to the discipline prescribed by Congress; To exercise exclusive
Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding
ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the
acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the
United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places
purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the
Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, 
dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;-- And To make all Laws which
shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the
foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by the Constitution in
the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer
thereof.

{\bf Section 9. } The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any
of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be
prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight
hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such
Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. The privilege
of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in
Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. No
Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. No capitation,
or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census
or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.\footnote*{But see
Amendment XVI (1913).} No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles
exported from any State. No Preference shall be given by any
Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those
of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged
to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. No Money shall be drawn
from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law;
and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures
of all public Money shall be published from time to time. No Title of
Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding
any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent
of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title,
of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.

{\bf Section 10. } No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or
Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit
Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in
Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or
Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of
Nobility. No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any
Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely
necessary for executing its inspection Laws; and the net Produce of
all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall
be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; all such Laws
shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress. No
State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any duty of Tonnage,
keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any
Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or
engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as
will not admit of delay.

{\bf Article II}

{\bf Section 1}. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of
the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term
of four Years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the
same Term, be elected, as follows. Each State shall appoint, in such
Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct\footnote*{The
Constitution does not require direct popular election of presidential
electors, but all of the states mandated it by the mid-19th century.},
a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and
Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress:
but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust
or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. \it
[The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by
Ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an
Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a
List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for
each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to
the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the
President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the
Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having
the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be
a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be
more than one who have such Majority, and have am equal Number of
Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by
Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority,
then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like
Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes
shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having
one Vote; a quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or
Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the
States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice
of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of
the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain
two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by
Ballot the Vice-President.]\rm\footnote*{Superseded by Amendment XII
(1804).} The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors,
and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be
the same throughout the United States. No Person except a natural born
Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the
Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of
President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who
shall not have attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and been
fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. \it [In Case of
the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death,
Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the
said Office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the
Congress may by Law, provide for the Case of Removal, Death,
Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President,
declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer
shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President
shall be elected.]\rm\footnote\dag{This clause has been affected by
Amendment XXV (1967).} The President shall, at stated Times, receive
for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor
diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and
he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the
United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the Execution of his
Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:--``I do
solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office
of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability,
preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.''

{\bf Section 2}. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army
and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several
States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he
may require the Opinion in writing, of the principal Officer in each
of the executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the Duties
of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to Grant
Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except
in Cases of Impeachment. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice
and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two-thirds of
the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with
the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other
public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all
other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein
otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the
Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as
they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in
the Heads of Departments. The President shall have Power to fill up
all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by
granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next
Session.

{\bf Section 3.} He shall from time to time give to the Congress
Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their
Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient;
he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of
them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the
Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall
think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers;
he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall
Commission all the Officers of the United States.

{\bf Section 4.} The President, Vice President and all civil Officers
of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for,
and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and
Misdemeanors. 

{\bf Article III}

{\bf Section 1}. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be
vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the
Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both
of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during
good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services,
a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance
in Office.

{\bf Section 2. } The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law
and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United
States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their
Authority; --to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public
Ministers and Consuls; --to all Cases of admiralty and maritime
Jurisdiction; --to Controversies to which the United States shall be a
Party; --to Controversies between two or more States; --between a
State and Citizens of another State; --between Citizens of different
States; --between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under
Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens
thereof, and foreign States, Citizens, or Subjects. In all Cases
affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those
in which a State shall be a Party, the supreme Court shall have
original Jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the
supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and
Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress
shall make. The trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment,
shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the
said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within
any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress
may by Law have directed.

{\bf Section 3}. Treason against the United States, shall consist only
in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving
them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless
on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on
Confession in open Court. The Congress shall have Power to declare the
Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work
Corruption of Blood\footnote*{To ``work Corruption of Blood'' means to
make the family of the convicted share his guilt.}, or Forfeiture
except during the Life of the person Attainted.

{\bf Article IV\par}

{\bf Section 1}. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to
the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other
State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in
which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the
Effect thereof.

{\bf Section 2}. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. A Person
charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall
flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on demand of
the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered
up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. \it
[No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the laws
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or
Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but
shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or
Labour may be due.]\rm \footnote*{Superseded by Amendment XIII
(1865).}

{\bf Section 3.} New States may be admitted by the Congress into this
Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the
Jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the
Junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the
Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the
Congress. The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all
needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other
Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this
Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the
United States, or of any particular State.

{\bf Section 4.} The United States shall guarantee to every State in
this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of
them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of
the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against
domestic Violence.

{\bf Article V}

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both House shall deem it
necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
Application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,
shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either
Case, shall be valid, to all Intents and Purposes, as part of this
Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of
the several States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the
one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress:
Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first
and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that
no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage
in the Senate.

{\bf Article VI\par}

 All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the
Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United
States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. This
Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in
Pursuance thereof, and all Treaties made, or which shall be made,
under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of
the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any
Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the contrary
notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned,
and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive
and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several
States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this
Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a
Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.

{\bf Article VII}
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient
for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so
ratifying the Same. Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the
States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our
Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the
Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth.

In Witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names.

\newpage

\centerline{\seventeenpointroman The Amendments}
\centerline{\seventeenpointroman to the Constitution}
\centerline{Ratified 1791-1971}

{\smc ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE
LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE 5th ARTICLE OF THE
ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION}\footnote*{Amendment XXI was not ratified by
state legislatures, but by state conventions summoned by Congress.
This version of the Constitution lacks the so-called 'preamble' to the
Bill of Rights (essentially a letter of transmittal from Congress to
the states); most scholars believe it, and the letters of transmittal
prefacing the other 16 amendments, unnecessarily lengthens the text of
the Constitution.}.
(The first 10 Amendments were ratified 15 December 1791, and from what
is known as the '{\bf Bill of Rights}'.)

{\bf AMENDMENT I}

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

{\bf AMENDMENT II}

A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free
State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be
infringed.

{\bf AMENDMENT III}

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without
the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
prescribed by law.

{\bf AMENDMENT IV }

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated; and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the
place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

{\bf AMENDMENT V}

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except
in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when
in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any
person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of
life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a
witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be
taken for public use, without just compensation.

{\bf AMENDMENT VI}

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and
district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district
shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of
the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the
witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining
witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his
defence.

{\bf AMENDMENT VII}

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no
fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of
the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

{\bf AMENDMENT VIII}

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.

{\bf AMENDMENT IX}

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

{\bf AMENDMENT X}

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited to it by the States, are reserved to the States
respectively, or to the people.

{\bf AMENDMENT XI} (ratified February 7, 1795)

 The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to
extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against
one of the United States by Citizens of another State or by Citizens
or Subjects of any Foreign State.

{\bf AMENDMENT XII} (ratified June 15, 1804)

The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot
for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be
an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in
their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct
ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make
distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all
persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for
each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to
the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the
President of the Senate; --the President of the Senate shall, in the
presence of the Senate and the House of Representatives, open all the
certificates and the votes shall then be counted; --The person having
the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if
such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed;
and if no person have such a majority, then from the persons having
the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for
as President, the House of Representative shall choose immediately, by
ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall
be taken by states, the representations from each state having one
vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members
from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall
be necessary to a choice. \it [And if the House of Representatives
shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall
devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then
the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or
other constitutional disability of the
President.--]\rm\footnote*{Superseded by Section 3 of Amendment XX
(1933).} The person having the greatest number of votes as 
Vice-President, shall be the Vice President, if such number be a
majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person
have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the
Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall
consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, a majority of
the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person
constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be
eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.

{\bf AMENDMENT XIII }(ratified December 6, 1865)\footnote*{Amendments
XIII, XIV, and XV, known as the Reconstruction Amendments, were
intended to guarantee the rights of slaves emancipated during the
Civil War.}

{\bf Section 1.} Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as
a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject
to their jurisdiction.

{\bf Section 2}. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.

{\bf AMENDMENT XIV }(ratified July 9, 1868)

{\bf Section 1.} All persons born or naturalized in the United States,
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are Citizens of the United
States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or
enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person
of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny
any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

{\bf Section 2. } Representatives shall be apportioned among the
several States according to their respective numbers, counting the
whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed.
But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors
for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives
in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the
members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male
inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of
age\footnote\dag{Changed by Section 1 of Amendment XXVI (1971).}, and
citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for
participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of
representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the
number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male
citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

{\bf Section 3.} No person shall be a Senator or Representative in
Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any
office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any
State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress,
or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State
legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to
support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in
insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to
the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each
House, remove such disability.

{\bf Section 4.} The validity of the public debt of the United States,
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions
and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion,
shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State
shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of
insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for
the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations
and claims shall be held illegal and void.

{\bf Section 5}. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by
appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

{\bf AMENDMENT XV }(ratified February 3, 1870)

{\bf Section 1}. The right of Citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State
on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

{\bf Section 2}. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.

{\bf AMENDMENT XVI} (ratified February 3, 1913)

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes,
from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several
States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

{\bf AMENDMENT XVII} (ratified April 8, 1913)

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from
each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each
Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the
qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of
the State legislatures. When vacancies happen in the representation of
any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall
issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the
legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make
temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election
as the legislature may direct. This amendment shall not be so
construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen
before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

{\bf AMENDMENT XVIII} (ratified January 16, 1919) [

{\bf\it Section 1}\it . After one year from the ratification of this
article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating
liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation
thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the
jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. [\rm

{\bf\it Section 2.}\it The Congress and the several States shall have
concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate 
legislation.
[\rm

{\bf\it Section 3.}\it This article shall be inoperative unless it
shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the
legislatures of the several States as provided in the Constitution,
within seven years of the date of the submission hereof to the States
by Congress.]\rm\footnote*{Prohibition, ratified during wartime, was
repealed by Section 1 of Amendment XXI (1933).}

{\bf AMENDMENT XIX }(ratified August 18, 1920)

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied
or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.

{\bf AMENDMENT XX} (ratified January 23, 1933)

{\bf Section 1}. The terms of the President and Vice President shall
end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and
Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in
which such terms would have ended if this article had not been
ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.

{\bf Section 2.} The Congress shall assemble at least once in every
year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January,
unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

{\bf Section 3.} If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term
of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice
President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have
been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if
the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice
President elect shall act as President until a President shall have
qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein
neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have
qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in
which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act
accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.

{\bf Section 4}. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the
death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may
choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved
upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from
whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of
choice shall have devolved upon them.

{\bf Section 5.} Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of
October following the ratification of this article.

{\bf Section 6.} This article shall be inoperative unless it shall
have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by 
three-fourths of the several States within seven Years from the date
of its submission.

{\bf AMENDMENT XXI }(ratified December 5, 1933)

{\bf Section 1.} The eighteenth article of amendment to the
Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

{\bf Section 2.} The transportation or importation into any State,
Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use
therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is
hereby prohibited.

{\bf Section 3}. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall
have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions
in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven
years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the
Congress.

{\bf AMENDMENT XXII} (ratified February 27, 1951)\footnote*{This
amendment was added after Franklin D. Roosevelt won four consecutive
presidential elections.}

{\bf Section 1.} No person shall be elected to the office of the
President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of
President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to
which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the
office of the President more than once. But this Article shall not
prevent any person holding the office of President when this Article
was proposed by the Congress, and shall not apply to any person who
may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during
the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the
office of President or acting as President during the remainder of
such term.

{\bf Section 2}. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall
have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the
legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years
from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.

{\bf AMENDMENT XXIII }(ratified March 29, 1961)

{\bf Section 1.} The District constituting the seat of Government of
the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may
direct: A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to
the whole number of Senators and Representative in Congress to which
the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event
more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those
appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the
purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be
electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and
perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.

{\bf Section 2}. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.

{\bf AMENDMENT XXIV} (ratified January 24, 1964)

{\bf Section 1}. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in
any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for
electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or
Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or
other tax.

{\bf Section 2.} The Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.

{\bf AMENDMENT XXV }(ratified February 10, 1967)

{\bf Section 1}. In case of the removal of the President from office
or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become
President.

{\bf Section 2. } Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the
Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who
shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses
of Congress.

{\bf Section 3. } Whenever the President transmits to the President
pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge
the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a
written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be
discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.

{\bf Section 4. } Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either
the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other
body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro
tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives
their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge
the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall
immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting
President. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President
pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he
shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice
President and a majority of either the principal officers of the
executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law
provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the
Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written
declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and
duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue,
assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in
session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the
latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within
twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by
two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to
discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President
shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise,
the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.

{\bf AMENDMENT XXVI} (ratified July 1, 1971)

{\bf Section 1. } The right of citizens of the United States, who are
eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.

{\bf Section 2}. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.

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The text of the Constitution and amendments was checked against the
text in The Wilson Quarterly, Spring 1987 (vol.~XI, No.~2),
pp.~136-153, and the notes derived from those provided there. Part of
footnote 12 was derived from a note in the Summer 1987 issue (vol. XI,
No.~3), p.~173.

While there is no official version of the Constitution, this text
reproduces that used by both the Supreme Court and the National
Archives. 

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This text file generated by {\bf Bill Kelsey, Theographic Associates,
Cambridge, MA}

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Text file mangled, munged, warped and typeset in \TeX\ by
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94107}

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